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[[Category:Guided Tutorials]]
= Tutorial: GNU Radio Companion =
== Objectives ==
== Objectives ==


* Create flowgraphs using the standard block libraries
* Create flowgraphs using the standard block libraries
* Learn how to debug flowgraphs with the instrumentation blocks
* Learn how to debug flowgraphs with the instrumentation blocks
* Understand how sampling and throttle works in GNU Radio
* Learn how to use the documentation to figure out block's functionality
* Learn how to use the documentation to figure out block's functionality


== Prerequisites ==
== Prerequisites ==


* Basic knowledge of git
* [[InstallingGR|GNU Radio 3.8.0.0 or later]]
* [[InstallingGR|GNU Radio 3.8.0.0 or later]]
* [[Guided_Tutorial_Introduction|Tutorial 1: Intro to GNU Radio]]
* [[Guided_Tutorial_Introduction|A brief introduction to GNU Radio, SDR, and DSP]]
 
 
-----
 
== Setting up the Tutorials ==
 
Before we can begin, we need to mention that the solutions (including the images, grc files, and module files) are available on [https://github.com/gnuradio/gr-tutorial gr-tutorial github] if you wish to have them.  We will be referencing the files but will for the most part be making our own files so that we can get practice and build intuition.  Thus, we recommend not downloading and installing them until you finish these tutorials or are stuck on a step.  For instructions on installing these solutions, see [[Installing the Tutorials Modules]].


== Getting to Know the GRC ==
== Getting to Know the GRC ==


We have seen in Tutorial 1 that GNU Radio is a collection of tools that can be used to develop radio systems in software as opposed to completely in hardware. In this tutorial, we start off simple and explore how to use the GNU Radio Companion (GRC), GNU Radio's graphical tool, to create different tones. We should keep in the back of our mind that GRC was created to simplify the use of GNU Radio by allowing us to create python files graphically as opposed to creating them in code alone (we will discuss this more later).
We have seen in [[Guided_Tutorial_Introduction|A brief introduction to GNU Radio, SDR, and DSP]] that GNU Radio is a collection of tools that can be used to develop radio systems in software as opposed to completely in hardware. In this tutorial, we start off simply and explore how to use the GNU Radio Companion (GRC), GNU Radio's graphical tool, to create different tones. We should keep in the back of our mind that GRC was created to simplify the use of GNU Radio by allowing us to create python files graphically as opposed to creating them in code alone (we will discuss this more later).


The first thing to cover is the interface. There are five parts: <span style="color:gray">Library</span>, <span style="color:red">Toolbar</span>, <span style="color:green">Terminal</span>, <span style="color:blue">Workspace</span> and <span style="color:yellow"> variables.
The first thing to cover is the interface. There are five parts: <span style="color:gray">Library</span>, <span style="color:red">Toolbar</span>, <span style="color:green">Terminal</span>, <span style="color:blue">Workspace</span> and <span style="color:rgb(255,200,0)"> variables.


[[File:unity-2d-shell_008.png|600px|]]
[[File:unity-2d-shell_008.png|600px|]]


The tutorial is meant to be hands on, so please take a few breaks from reading here and there to experiment. We will reiterate that these tutorials as simply meant as guides and that the best way to learn something is to try it out: come up with a question, think of a possible solution, and try it out. Let us begin by starting up the GRC! This is usually done by opening up a terminal window (ctrl+alt+t in Ubuntu) and typing:
The tutorial is meant to be hands on, so please take a few breaks from reading here and there to experiment. We will reiterate that these tutorials are simply meant as guides and that the best way to learn something is to try it out: come up with a question, think of a possible solution, and try it out. Let us begin by starting up the GRC! This is usually done by opening up a terminal window (ctrl+alt+t in Ubuntu) and typing:


<pre>$ gnuradio-companion</pre>
<pre>$ gnuradio-companion</pre>
Line 38: Line 25:
=== Searching for Blocks ===
=== Searching for Blocks ===


The Library contains the different blocks installed in the GRC block paths. Here we find blocks that are preinstalled in GNU Radio and blocks that are installed on the system. At first it seems daunting to look for blocks. For instance, if we want to generate a waveform, what category should we look in? We see there is a '''Waveform Generators''' category, okay not bad. But what if we wanted to find some way to display our data but aren't sure of the best way to display it yet? We know from tutorial 1 that this is known as a sink; however, looking through the list there is no Sinks category. The solution is to use the Search feature by either clicking the magnifying glass icon or typing Ctrl+f and then start typing a keyword to identify the block. We see a white box appear at the top of the Library with a cursor. If we type &quot;sink&quot;, we can find all the blocks that contain the words &quot;sink&quot; and the <span style="color:blue">categories</span> we will find each block in.
The Library contains the different blocks installed in the GRC block paths. Here we find blocks that are preinstalled in GNU Radio and blocks that are installed on the system. At first it seems daunting to look for blocks. For instance, if we want to generate a waveform, what category should we look in? We see there is a '''Waveform Generators''' category, okay not bad. But what if we wanted to find some way to display our data but aren't sure of the best way to display it yet? We know from [[Guided_Tutorial_Introduction|A brief introduction to GNU Radio, SDR, and DSP]] that this is known as a sink; however, looking through the list there is no Sinks category. The solution is to use the Search feature by either clicking the magnifying glass icon or typing Ctrl+f and then start typing a keyword to identify the block. We see a white box appear at the top of the Library with a cursor. If we type &quot;sink&quot;, we can find all the blocks that contain the words &quot;sink&quot; and the <span style="color:blue">categories</span> where we will find each block.


[[File:search.png|200px|]]
[[File:search.png|200px|]]
Line 65: Line 52:


Another key to notice is the different colors present in the fields we can enter information. These actually correspond to different data types which we will cover later in this tutorial.
Another key to notice is the different colors present in the fields we can enter information. These actually correspond to different data types which we will cover later in this tutorial.
=== Variable Controls ===
Certain parameters of a block can be modified during run-time. They are denoted in the Parameters section with <b>(''R'')</b> following the parameter name.
As shown in this screen capture, the parameters 'Taps' and 'Center Frequency' are underlined, denoting that they can be changed during run-time.
[[File:SSB_test_FIR_parms.png]]


=== My First Flowgraph ===
=== My First Flowgraph ===
Line 94: Line 89:
[[File:size_mismatch.png|600px|]]
[[File:size_mismatch.png|600px|]]


We see that <span style="color:green">in the specified connection, there is size mismatch.</span> This is due to our data type size mismatch. GNU Radio will not allow us to chain together blocks of different data sizes, so let's change the data type of all of our subsequent blocks. We can now generate and execute as before.
We see that <span style="color:green">in the specified connection, there is size mismatch.</span> This is due to our data type size mismatch. GNU Radio will not allow us to chain together blocks of different data sizes, so let's change the data type of all of our subsequent blocks. We can now generate and execute as before. We now see our sine wave on one channel.


[[File:tutorial_two_2.png|600px|tutorial_two_2.grc]]
[[File:tutorial_two_2.png|600px|tutorial_two_2.grc]]


We now see our sine wave on one channel. We can click on the screen and move the mouse to zoom and rescale.
[[Category:Guided Tutorials]]
 
== A More Complex Flowgraph ==
 
Now that we are able to create flowgraphs on our own, lets try creating a more complicated flowgraph with many specific parameters.  This example flowgraph demonstrates many new concepts in GNU Radio like using tabbed windows and QT GUI Ranges.  Note that not all block parameters are displayed in the main window, so use the text below (not just the screenshot) to set the parameters of each block.
 
=== Time &amp; Frequency Flowgraph ===
 
[[File:tutorial_two_3.png|600px|tutorial_two_3.grc]]
 
Detailed Changes:<br />
<span style="color:gray">- We are starting a new flowgraph with '''ID''' &quot;tutorial_two_3&quot;</span><br />
<span style="color:blue">- In '''QT GUI Range''', '''ID''' to &quot;samp_rate&quot;, '''Default Value''' to &quot;5*freq&quot;, '''Start''' to &quot;0.5*freq&quot;, '''Stop''' to &quot;20*freq&quot;, '''Step''' to &quot;200&quot;</span><br />
<span style="color:green">- In '''Variable''', '''ID''' to &quot;freq&quot;, '''Value''' to &quot;2e3&quot;</span><br />
<span style="color:purple">- In '''Signal Source''', '''Frequency''' to &quot;freq&quot;, '''Waveform''' to &quot;Sine&quot;</span><br />
</span><br />
- In '''Throttle''', '''Sample Rate''' to 32e3 (more on why later)
 
Once we have verified our changes, let's '''Generate''', and '''Execute'''. It should produce a window that has two tabs, one showing the time domain and one showing the frequency domain.  There should also be a slider at the bottom to control the sample rate (of the signal source) in realtime.  Changing this slider should change the observed frequency in the time and frequency sinks.
 
Sampling rate is an interesting subject in GNU Radio -- and, indeed, any software radio platform. Please see the [[Guided_Tutorial_Extras_Sample_Rates|Extras on Sampling Rate]] page that explores how changing the sample rates in the above flowgraph affects the signals.
 
== Conclusion ==
 
And that is it for now with GRC. Let us know your thoughts before going on to the [https://wiki.gnuradio.org/index.php/Guided_Tutorial_GNU_Radio_in_Python python] tutorial.
 
=== Some Questions We Now Know! ===
 
1. If you put down a Signal Source and Abs block onto a canvas and connect them together without changing anything, an error occurs.<br />
1a. How do we know there is an error?<br />
1b. How do we figure out what the error is?<br />
1c. How do we correct the error?
 
2. Say that we have two signals in our flowgraph that we wish to multiply together.<br />
2a. How would we find a block that multiplies signals?<br />
2b. How do we use the multiply block in GRC?<br />
2c. What else can we do and change in this block?
 
3. If you saw a block had an unused, light gray input port on it, what kind of port would that be?
 
4. If you run a flowgraph and see the &quot;AttributeError: 'top_block_sptr' object has no attribute 'top_layout'&quot;, what is wrong and how can you fix it?
 
5. Signal processing questions
 
* Say we want to process speech audio data, and we have a microphone that won't let any frequencies in higher than 8 kHz. What is the minimum sampling rate we must use?
* Now we want to digitize a radio signal that goes from 99.9 MHz to 100.1 MHz. How large is the minimum applicable sampling rate?
 
6. Answers
* 16 kHz (2 * 8 kHz)
* The bandwidth is 200 kHz, so we must sample at least at 400 kHz -- or 200 kHz if we have complex sampling, as we usually do in software radios.<br />
 
 
=== Links to Further Resources ===
 
Links that are accessible without knowing much about how GNU Radio interacts with code. Not necessary to proceed.
 
* [[TutorialsCoreConcepts|Core Concepts]]
* [[Hardware|Hardware]]

Latest revision as of 13:53, 11 February 2021

Objectives

  • Create flowgraphs using the standard block libraries
  • Learn how to debug flowgraphs with the instrumentation blocks
  • Learn how to use the documentation to figure out block's functionality

Prerequisites

Getting to Know the GRC

We have seen in A brief introduction to GNU Radio, SDR, and DSP that GNU Radio is a collection of tools that can be used to develop radio systems in software as opposed to completely in hardware. In this tutorial, we start off simply and explore how to use the GNU Radio Companion (GRC), GNU Radio's graphical tool, to create different tones. We should keep in the back of our mind that GRC was created to simplify the use of GNU Radio by allowing us to create python files graphically as opposed to creating them in code alone (we will discuss this more later).

The first thing to cover is the interface. There are five parts: Library, Toolbar, Terminal, Workspace and variables.

Unity-2d-shell 008.png

The tutorial is meant to be hands on, so please take a few breaks from reading here and there to experiment. We will reiterate that these tutorials are simply meant as guides and that the best way to learn something is to try it out: come up with a question, think of a possible solution, and try it out. Let us begin by starting up the GRC! This is usually done by opening up a terminal window (ctrl+alt+t in Ubuntu) and typing:

$ gnuradio-companion

If you are unable to open GRC then you need to go back to InstallingGR and troubleshoot the installation.

Searching for Blocks

The Library contains the different blocks installed in the GRC block paths. Here we find blocks that are preinstalled in GNU Radio and blocks that are installed on the system. At first it seems daunting to look for blocks. For instance, if we want to generate a waveform, what category should we look in? We see there is a Waveform Generators category, okay not bad. But what if we wanted to find some way to display our data but aren't sure of the best way to display it yet? We know from A brief introduction to GNU Radio, SDR, and DSP that this is known as a sink; however, looking through the list there is no Sinks category. The solution is to use the Search feature by either clicking the magnifying glass icon or typing Ctrl+f and then start typing a keyword to identify the block. We see a white box appear at the top of the Library with a cursor. If we type "sink", we can find all the blocks that contain the words "sink" and the categories where we will find each block.

Search.png

For now, let's add the block called QT GUI Time Sink by clicking on its name and dragging it to the Workspace or double-clicking on its name for it to be placed automatically in the Workspace.

Modifying Block Properties

The workspace (main area of the screen) contains all of our blocks that make up our flowgraph, and inside each block we can see all the different block parameters. There is, however, one special block that each new flowgraph starts with and is required to have, called the Options Block. Let us double-click on the Options Block to examine its properties. We see a window as below:

Properties options.png

These block properties can be changed from the defaults to accomplish different tasks. Let's remove part of the current name and notice the ID turns blue. This color means that the information has been edited, but has not been saved. If we go back to the Options Block properties, we can see that there are different tabs and one is titled documentation.

Id python.png

If we read a couple lines, we can see that the property ID is actually used for the name of the python file the flowgraph generates.

Properties errors.png

So now let's remove the entire ID string. Notice now that at the bottom appears an error message. Also notice that the parameter ID is now red to show us exactly where the error occured.

To keep things organized, let us change the ID to "tutorial_two_1". Let us also make sure that the property Generate Options is set to "QT GUI" since we are using a graphical sink. The ID field allows us to more easily manage our file space. While we save the GRC flowgraph as a <filename>.grc, generating and executing this flowgraph produces another output. GRC is a graphical interface that sits on top of the normal GNU Radio programming environment that is in Python. GRC translates the flowgraph we create in the GUI canvas here into a Python script, so when we execute a flowgraph, we are really running a Python program. The ID is used to name that Python file, saved into the same directory as the .grc file. By default, the ID is default and so it creates a file called default.py. Changing the ID allows us to change the saved file name for better file management. In GNUradio 3.8 you will get an error if you don't change the default id, so you need to change this id in order to run the flowgraph.

Another result of this GRC-Python connection is that GRC is actually all Python. In fact, all entry boxes in block properties or variables that we use are interpreted as Python. That means that we can set properties using Python calls, such as calling a numpy or other GNU Radio functions. A common use of this is to call into the filter.firdes filter design tool from GNU Radio to build our filter taps.

Another key to notice is the different colors present in the fields we can enter information. These actually correspond to different data types which we will cover later in this tutorial.

Variable Controls

Certain parameters of a block can be modified during run-time. They are denoted in the Parameters section with (R) following the parameter name.

As shown in this screen capture, the parameters 'Taps' and 'Center Frequency' are underlined, denoting that they can be changed during run-time.

SSB test FIR parms.png

My First Flowgraph

Now that we have a better understanding of how to find blocks, how to add them to the workspace, and how to edit the block properties, let's proceed to construct the following flowgraph of a Signal Source being sent to a Throttle Block and then to our Time Sink by clicking on the data type colored ports/tabs one after the other to make connections:

tutorial_two_1.grc

With a usable flowgraph we can now proceed to discuss the Toolbar.

A note on the throttle block: What exactly this does is explained in greater detail later on in this tutorial. For now, it will suffice to know that this block throttles the flow graph to make sure it doesn't consume 100% of your CPU cycles and make your computer unresponsive.

Commandspace.png

This section of the interface contains commands present in most software such as new, open, save, copy, paste. Let's begin by saving our work so far and titling our flow graph tutorial_two. Important tools here are Generate flowgraph, Execute flowgraph, and Kill flowgraph all accessible through F5, F6, and F7 respectively. A good reference is available in Help->Types that shows the color mapping of types which we will look into later.

Examining the Output

Let's go ahead and Execute the flowgraph to see our sine wave.

Complex sine.png

We should get the above which is a complex sinusoid of the form e jwt. Let us keep things simple by avoiding complex signals for now. First we want to kill the flowgraph with the Kill flowgraph button or by simply closing the Time Sink GUI. Now is a good time to go over data types in GNU Radio by opening up the Help->Types window.

Types.png

We can see common data types seen in many programming languages. We can see our blocks (blue ports) are currently Complex Float 32 type which means they contain both a real and imaginary part each being a Float 32 type. We can reason that when the Time Sink takes in a complex data type, it outputs both the real and imaginary part on separate channels. So let's now change the Signal Source to a float by going into its block properties and changing the Output Type parameter. We see that its port turns orange, there is now a red arrow pointing to the Throttle Block, and in the Toolbar there is a red "-" button (red) that reads "View flow graph errors". Let's go ahead and click that.

Size mismatch.png

We see that in the specified connection, there is size mismatch. This is due to our data type size mismatch. GNU Radio will not allow us to chain together blocks of different data sizes, so let's change the data type of all of our subsequent blocks. We can now generate and execute as before. We now see our sine wave on one channel.

tutorial_two_2.grc