Packet Communications

NOTE: Changing the selected GNU Radio version will not change the Table of Contents.

---

This tutorial presents methods to transmit and receive packet data. As was shown in the QPSK and BPSK tutorials, the received bit data stream could be verified by comparing it to the (delayed) transmitted data. However, there was no way to recover the byte alignment of those bits. That is where packet processing comes into play.

Prerequisites

• QPSK Modulation / Demodulation
• BPSK Demodulation
• Polymorphic Types (PMTs)
• Stream Tags
• Message Passing
• Understanding ZMQ Blocks
• Packet Communications

Notes

See Porting Existing Flowgraphs to a Newer Version to adapt the flowgraphs presented below to your GNU Radio version.

Header Format Object

The following blocks:

• Protocol_Formatter,
• Protocol_Formatter_(Async),
• Protocol_Parser,
• Packet_Header_Generator, and
• Packet_Header_Parser

use a "Header Format Object", but there is no block with that name. To create such an object, a Variable block is used. The 'Value' field can be one of several chioces depending on what type of header is needed, such as:

   * digital.header_format_default(access_code, threshold)
   * digital.header_format_crc(len_key, num_key)
   * digital.header_format_counter(access_code, threshold, bps)

See specific examples below.

Simulating Packet Comms Using Messages

Basic Packet Processing

In order to grasp the basics of packet processing, this section presents a transmitter and receiver simulation using standard GNU Radio blocks without any modulation or channel impairments.

Building the flowgraph

Build the following flowgraph using the details given below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Pkt_7_base.grc.

NOTE: If using GNURadio 3.8, move the connections coming out of the 'header' and 'payload' ports on the async protocol formatter from the 'print' port of the Message Debug block to the 'print_pdu' port.

Message Strobe

For the Message Strobe to generate a PDU, the Message PMT must be of the form

 pmt.cons(pmt.PMT_NIL,pmt.init_u8vector(9,(71,78,85,32,82,97,100,105,111)))

This specific vector has a length of 9 and the character values of "GNU Radio". It is sent every two seconds.

Async CRC32

The Async CRC32 block computes the CRC of the payload and appends the value to it.

Variable, Id = hdr_format

The Protocol Formatter uses a Format Object to define its parameters. The one used in this example is

 hdr_format digital.header_format_crc(len_key, num_key)

It generates a header with the packet length, packet number, and a 8-bit CRC. No access code is created.

Protocol Formatter (Async)

The entry for the Format Obj. is 'hdr_format'

PDU to Tagged Stream

Converts received PDUs into a tagged stream by adding length tags.

Tagged Stream Mux

The Tagged Stream Mux combines the header and the payload.

Header/Payload Demux

The Header/Payload Demux block synchronizes with the header data and then outputs the payload data.

Protocol Parser

The entry for the Format Obj. is 'hdr_format'

---

Testing

To test the flowgraph, click the "Execute the flowgraph" icon, or press F6. An example of the output is:

Version 3.9+

***** VERBOSE PDU DEBUG PRINT ******
()
pdu length = 4 bytes
pdu vector contents = 
0000: 0d 10 00 3a 
************************************
***** VERBOSE PDU DEBUG PRINT ******
()
pdu length = 13 bytes
pdu vector contents = 
0000: 47 4e 55 20 52 61 64 69 6f 8f aa 09 f1 
************************************

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag Debug: 
Input Stream: 00
  Offset: 13  Source: n/a     Key: packet_len   Value: 13
  Offset: 13  Source: n/a     Key: packet_num   Value: 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
***** VERBOSE PDU DEBUG PRINT ******
((packet_num . 1))
pdu length = 9 bytes
pdu vector contents = 
0000: 47 4e 55 20 52 61 64 69 6f 
************************************

Version 3.8

* MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT PDU VERBOSE *
()
pdu_length = 4
contents = 
0000: 0d 10 00 3a 
***********************************
* MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT PDU VERBOSE *
()
pdu_length = 13
contents = 
0000: 47 4e 55 20 52 61 64 69 6f 8f aa 09 f1 
***********************************

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tag Debug: 
Input Stream: 00
  Offset: 13  Source: n/a     Key: packet_len   Value: 13
  Offset: 13  Source: n/a     Key: packet_num   Value: 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
******* MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT ********
(((packet_num . 1)) . #[G N U   R a d i o])
************************************

The first PDU DEBUG PRINT is the header data containing the payload length, packet number, and a CRC8 of the header.

The second PDU DEBUG PRINT is the payload including a CRC32 of the data.

The Tag Debug shows the length tag and the packet number tag.

The third PDU/MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT is the received payload ("GNU Radio").

---

Using BPSK with Hardware Simulation (version 3.9+)

In order to create a preamble, a default header, and the payload data in one PDU message, an Embedded Python block was created. The code is contained in the GRC file, but also is shown here:

"""
Embedded Python Block
"""

import numpy as np
from gnuradio import gr
import pmt

class blk(gr.sync_block):
    """Packet Format"""

    def __init__(self):
        gr.sync_block.__init__(self,
            name = "Packet Format",
            in_sig = None,
            out_sig = None)
        self.message_port_register_in(pmt.intern('PDU_in'))
        self.message_port_register_out(pmt.intern('PDU_out'))
        self.set_msg_handler(pmt.intern('PDU_in'), self.handle_msg)

    def handle_msg(self, msg):
        inMsg = pmt.to_python (msg)
        pld = inMsg[1]
        # print (pld)
        mLen = len(pld)
        # print (mLen)
        if (mLen > 0):
            char_list = [85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,225,90,232,147]
            char_list.append (mLen >> 8)
            char_list.append (mLen & 255)
            char_list.append (mLen >> 8)
            char_list.append (mLen & 255)
            char_list.extend (pld)
            # print (char_list)
            out_len = len(char_list)
            # print (out_len)
            self.message_port_pub(pmt.intern('PDU_out'), pmt.cons(pmt.PMT_NIL,pmt.init_u8vector(out_len,(char_list))))

The preamble is 32 bytes of 0x55 giving alternating 1's and 0's. The non-cyclical 32-bit access code is 0xe15ae893 (decimal 225,90,232,147) (binary '11100001010110101110100010010011'). The length of the payload is repeated (16 bits). Then the payload is appended.

Transmitting a Signal

Build the following flowgraph using the details given below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Pkt_xmt.grc. The BPSK modulation is done in the same manner as the BPSK Demodulation tutorial. Do a Generate (F5) or Execute (F6) to create the pkt_xmt.py file.

Receiving a Signal

Build a separate flowgraph using the details below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Pkt_rcv.grc. For GNU Radio version 3.9 there are two changes from 3.8: the Polyphase Clock Sync has been replaced by the Symbol_Sync block; and the CMA equalizer has been replaced by a Linear Equalizer and an Adaptive Algorithm.

The output of the Map block is the received bit stream. The 'Correlate Access Code - Tag Stream' block searches for the given access code by slicing the soft decision symbol inputs. Once found, it expects the following 32 samples to contain a header that includes the frame length (16 bits for the length, repeated). It decodes the header to get the frame length in order to set up the the tagged stream key information.

The remaining blocks operate as in the simulation example above.

Testing

When using GRC, doing a Generate and/or Run creates a Python file with the same name as the .grc file. You can execute the Python file without running GRC again.

For testing this system we will use two processes, so we will need two terminal windows.

Terminal 1:

• since you just finished building the pkt_rcv flowgraph, you can just do a Run. After a few seconds, a window will open with the GUI Constellation Sink.

Terminal 2: Open another terminal window.

• change to whatever directory you used to generate the flowgraph for pkt_xmt
• execute the following command:

   python3 pkt_xmt.py

• After a few seconds, a window will open with the GUI Time Sink.

The output of the transmitter is:

The output of the receiver is shown on the GRC console.

***** VERBOSE PDU DEBUG PRINT ******
()
pdu length = 9 bytes
pdu vector contents = 
0000: 47 4e 55 20 52 61 64 69 6f 
************************************

The PDU DEBUG PRINT is the received payload ("GNU Radio").

To terminate each of the processes cleanly, click on the 'X' in the upper corner of the GUI rather than using Control-C.

---

Using BPSK with Hardware Simulation (version 3.8)

In order to create a preamble, a default header, and the payload data in one PDU message, an Embedded Python block was created. The code is contained in the GRC file, but also is shown here:

• A numpy array is used in the handling of the incoming PMT message. It must also be put into a byte array before being placed into the PMT u8vector for publishing to the "PDU_out" port

"""
Embedded Python Block
"""

import numpy as np
from gnuradio import gr
import pmt
import array
class blk(gr.sync_block):
    """Packet Format"""

    def __init__(self):
        gr.sync_block.__init__(self,
            name = "Packet Format GR38",
            in_sig = None,
            out_sig = None)
        self.message_port_register_in(pmt.intern('PDU_in'))
        self.message_port_register_out(pmt.intern('PDU_out0'))
        self.set_msg_handler(pmt.intern('PDU_in'), self.handle_msg)

    def handle_msg(self, msg):
        inMsg = pmt.to_python (msg)
        pld = inMsg[1] ## type-> numpy.ndarray
        mLen = len(pld)
        if (mLen > 0):
            ## create a numpy array of type 'int' with preamble and sync word
            tmp_char_list = np.array([85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,225,90,232,147],dtype=int)
            ## append length 2x
            tmp_char_list=np.append(tmp_char_list,(mLen >> 8))
            tmp_char_list=np.append(tmp_char_list,(mLen & 255))
            tmp_char_list=np.append(tmp_char_list,(mLen >> 8))
            tmp_char_list=np.append(tmp_char_list,(mLen & 255))
            tmp_char_list_len=len(tmp_char_list)
            ## append original payload
            new_char_list=np.insert(tmp_char_list,tmp_char_list_len,pld)
            new_char_list_len=len(new_char_list)
            ## save final numpy array as byte array, this requires 'import array'
            ## (many thanks to Francis A. for finding this fix)
            byte_array_new_char_list=array.array('B',new_char_list)
            new_bytes_out_len = len(byte_array_new_char_list)
            ## create PMT u8vector using byte array
            new_out_bytes_pmt=pmt.cons(pmt.PMT_NIL,pmt.init_u8vector(new_bytes_out_len,(byte_array_new_char_list)))
            self.message_port_pub(pmt.intern('PDU_out0'), new_out_bytes_pmt)

Transmitting a Signal

Build the following flowgraph using the details given below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Pkt_xmt_gr38.grc. The BPSK modulation is done in the same manner as the BPSK Demodulation tutorial. Do a Generate (F5) or Execute (F6) to create the pkt_xmt_gr38.py file.

Receiving a Signal

Build a separate flowgraph using the details below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Pkt_rcv_gr38.grc. For GNU Radio version 3.8 there is one difference from 3.9: the Linear Equalizer and Adaptive Algorithm object are not available, the LMS DD Equalizer block is used instead.

The output of the Map block is the received bit stream. The 'Correlate Access Code - Tag Stream' block searches for the given access code by slicing the soft decision symbol inputs. Once found, it expects the following 32 samples to contain a header that includes the frame length (16 bits for the length, repeated). It decodes the header to get the frame length in order to set up the the tagged stream key information.

Testing

When using GRC, doing a Generate and/or Run creates a Python file with the same name as the .grc file. You can execute the Python file without running GRC again.

For testing this system we will use two processes, so we will need two terminal windows.

Terminal 1:

• since you just finished building the pkt_rcv_gr38 flowgraph, you can just do a Run. After a few seconds, a window will open with the GUI Constellation Sink.

Terminal 2: Open another terminal window.

• change to whatever directory you used to generate the flowgraph for pkt_xmt_gr38
• execute the following command:

   python3 pkt_xmt_gr38.py

• After a few seconds, a window will open with the GUI Time Sink.

The output of the transmitter is:

The output of the receiver is shown on the GRC console.

******* MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT ********
(() . #[G N U   R a d i o])
************************************
******* MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT ********
(() . #[G N U   R a d i o])
************************************
******* MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT ********
(() . #[G N U   R a d i o])
************************************

The MESSAGE DEBUG PRINT is the received payload ("GNU Radio").

To terminate each of the processes cleanly, click on the 'X' in the upper corner of the GUI rather than using Control-C.

Simulating Packet Comms Using Streams

Using Header Format CRC and Protocol Parser

Building the flowgraph

Build the following flowgraph using the details given below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Str_pkt_1.grc.

File Source

The File Source reads a padded text file and outputs to a stream.

Stream to Tagged Stream

Converts a regular stream into a tagged stream by adding length tags in regular intervals.

Stream CRC32

The Stream CRC32 block computes the CRC of the payload and appends the value to it.

Protocol Formatter

The entry for the Format Obj. is 'hdr_format'

Protocol Parser

The entry for the Format Obj. is 'hdr_format'

---

Testing

The success of this methodology is based on the input file being padded to a multiple of 'packet_len' bytes so that the last few bytes of the source file are not lost in a partial unprocessed packet. To create a padded file for input to the flowgraph, the following Python program can be used:

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Padded_File_Source.py

import os.path
import sys

Pkt_len = 252
_debug = 1          # set to zero to turn off diagnostics

if (len(sys.argv) < 2):
    print ('Usage: python3 Padded_File_Source.py <input file>')
    print ('Number of arguments=', len(sys.argv))
    print ('Argument List:', str(sys.argv))
    exit (1)
# test if file exists
fn = sys.argv[1]
if (_debug):
    print (fn)
if not(os.path.exists(fn)):
    print('The input file does not exist')
    exit (1)

# open input file
f_in = open (fn, 'r')

# open output file
f_out = open ("padded.txt", 'w')

while True:
    buff = f_in.read (Pkt_len)
    b_len = len(buff)
    if (_debug):
        print (b_len)
    if b_len == 0:
        print ('End of file')
        break
    while (b_len < Pkt_len):
        buff += ' '
        b_len += 1
    # write output
    f_out.write (buff)

f_in.close()
f_out.close()

Note that the 'Pkt_len' in the Python program and the 'packet_len' value in the flowgraph 'Stream to Tagged Stream' block must be the same. The output of the Python program is a file named "padded.txt".

To test the flowgraph:

• Run the Python program to produce a padded text file.
• Execute the flowgraph.
• Examine the output file "output.txt". The output file will be the same as the original file, but will have trailing spaces at the end as a result of the padding.

---

Using Header Format Default and Correlate Access Code

Building the flowgraph

Build the following flowgraph using the details given below:

---

This flowgraph can be downloaded from Media:Str_pkt_11.grc.

File Source

The File Source reads a padded text file and outputs to a stream.

Stream to Tagged Stream

Converts a regular stream into a tagged stream by adding length tags in regular intervals.

Stream CRC32

The Stream CRC32 block computes the CRC of the payload and appends the value to it.

Protocol Formatter

The entry for the Format Obj. is 'hdr_format'

Correlate Access Code - Tag Stream

The Access Code is a string with the 32 bit value.

---

Testing

Refer to the Testing section above.

Using an alternate File Source block

There is an Out-of-Tree (OOT) module which reads a text or binary file and produces a stream output with 'packet_len' tags for GNU Radio. Functionally it replaces a 'File Source' block and a 'Stream to Tagged Stream' block. The advantage of this block is that when the input file size is not an exact multiple of the selected packet length, the remainder at the end of the file is not lost in the 'Stream to Tagged Stream' buffer. This precludes the need for a pre-processor such as the text padding program above.

The module is in gr-File_Source_to_Tagged_Stream. It contains build instructions and an example flowgraph.

Using Hardware

If you look at https://github.com/duggabe/gr-control you will see that this tutorial follows the same design. If the user were to build two computer installations with this setup, they could send and receive packets to each other.

Conclusions

Based on this tutorial, there are several things which can be concluded:

1. BPSK and QPSK are not well suited for burst transmissions due to the need for the receiver to converge on the actual timing and frequency values. The longer the times between bursts of data, the more the receiver will need to reconverge on the timing and frequency values for the new burst.
2. Since almost all amateur radio communications are half duplex and bursts of data, a more appropriate modulation would be FSK or AFSK. The same packet formatting and recovery would still apply. A proof of concept has been added to https://github.com/duggabe/gr-control with pkt_fsk_xmt.grc and pkt_fsk_rcv.grc.

Further Observations

During the development and testing for this tutorial, the following items were observed:

• The 'Header/Payload Demux' and 'Protocol Parser' blocks seem to work only with the 'digital.header_format_crc' format.
• The 'Correlate Access Code - Tag Stream' block requires the Default Header Format Obj. and expects a 32-bit access code.