RTL-SDR FM Receiver: Difference between revisions

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RTL-SDR Based FM Receiver
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This tutorial describes how to receive broadcast commercial radio stations transmitting Frequency Modulated (FM) signals using the RTL-SDR receiver. The following hardware is needed for this tutorial:
This tutorial describes how to receive broadcast commercial radio stations transmitting Frequency Modulated (FM) signals using the RTL-SDR receiver.
* RTL-SDR Receiver
 
The previous tutorial, [[Reading_and_Writing_Binary_Files|Reading and Writing Binary Files]], demonstrates how to read and write radio waveform captures as binary files. The next tutorial, [[B200-B205mini_FM Receiver|B200-B205mini FM Receiver]], describes how to build a broadcast FM receiver using the Ettus Research B200/B205mini receiver.
 
The following hardware is needed for this tutorial:
* RTL-SDR Receiver v3
* VHF Antenna
* VHF Antenna


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==Configure the RTL-SDR==
==Configure the RTL-SDR==


Add the Soapy RTLSDR Source block to the flowgraph. Soapy [https://github.com/pothosware/SoapySDR] is a SDR support library which interfaces with different SDR hardware.
Add the '''Soapy RTLSDR Source''' block to the flowgraph. Soapy [https://github.com/pothosware/SoapySDR] is a SDR support library which interfaces with different SDR hardware.


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_add_rtlsdr_block.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_add_rtlsdr_block.png]]




The receiver needs to be configured with a proper sampling rate, center frequency and gain value. The RTL-SDR supports multiple sampling rates but in this tutorial the maximum sampling rate of 2.048 MHz is chosen. Update the samp_rate variable with the value 2048000:
The receiver needs to be configured with a proper sampling rate, center frequency and gain value. The RTL-SDR supports multiple sampling rates but in this tutorial the maximum sampling rate of 2.048 MHz is chosen. Update the ''samp_rate'' variable with the value 2048000:


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_set_samp_rate.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_set_samp_rate.png]]


Notice that the sampling rate within the RTL-SDR block has been updated:


RTL-SDR source block still has an undefined freq. The freq variable needs to be given a frequency associated with a radio station. This tutorial uses the frequency allocations within the United State of America, therefore you will need to modify them according to the allocation for your country. Within the USA, the smallest frequency of a radio station is 87.9 MHz and the largest frequency is 107.9 MHz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_United_States], and each channel is separated by 200 kHz.
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_rtlsdr_updated_samp_rate.png]]


Add the QT GUI Range block into the flowgraph. The properties need to be changed in order to incorporate the frequency allocations for broadcast FM.


Open the properties and give it the name freq and the start frequency of 87.9 MHz, the stop frequency of 107.9 MHz and a step of 200 kHz:
The RTL-SDR source block still has an undefined ''freq''. The ''freq'' variable needs to be given a frequency associated with a radio station. This tutorial uses the frequency allocations within the United State of America, therefore you will need to modify them according to the allocation for your country. Within the USA, the smallest frequency of a radio station is 87.9 MHz and the largest frequency is 107.9 MHz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_United_States], and each channel is separated by 200 kHz.
 
Add the '''QT GUI Range''' block into the flowgraph. The properties need to be changed in order to incorporate the frequency allocations for broadcast FM.
 
Open the properties and give it the name ''freq'' and the start frequency of 87.9 MHz, the stop frequency of 107.9 MHz and a step of 200 kHz:


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_qt_gui_range_properties.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_qt_gui_range_properties.png]]




The freq variable within the Soapy RTLSDR Source block is now defined. The flowgraph should look like the following:
The ''freq'' variable within the '''Soapy RTLSDR Source''' block is now defined. The flowgraph should look like the following:


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_flowgraph_with_qt_gui_range.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_flowgraph_with_qt_gui_range.png]]




Open the Soapy RTLSDR Source block properties. Navigate to the RF Options and enter True for AGC.
Open the '''Soapy RTLSDR''' Source block properties. Navigate to the ''RF Options'' and enter ''True'' for AGC.


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_set_AGC.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_set_AGC.png]]
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==Add Time & Frequency Plots==
==Add Time & Frequency Plots==


Drag in a QT GUI Time Sink and QT GUI Frequency Sink. Enable the auto-scaling in the QT GUI Time Sink block:
Drag in a '''QT GUI Time Sink''' and '''QT GUI Frequency Sink'''. Enable the auto-scaling in the '''QT GUI Time Sink''' block:


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_time_sink_autoscale.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_time_sink_autoscale.png]]




Open the QT GUI Frequency Sink and enter freq as the Center Frequency (Hz):
Open the '''QT GUI Frequency Sink''' and enter ''freq'' as the Center Frequency (Hz):


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_freq_sink_center_freq.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_freq_sink_center_freq.png]]




Connect the QT GUI Time Sink and QT GUI Freq Sink blocks:
Connect the '''QT GUI Time Sink''' and '''QT GUI Frequency Sink''' blocks:


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_basic_scanner_flowgraph.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_basic_scanner_flowgraph.png]]
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==FM Demodulator==
==FM Demodulator==


An Audio Sink block is needed to play the sound of a demodulated FM radio station. Drag in an Audio Sink block and open the properties. Notice there are a couple choices for sampling rates to choose from. Select 48 kHz:
An '''Audio Sink''' block is needed to play the sound of a demodulated FM radio station. Drag in an '''Audio Sink''' block and open the properties. Notice there are a couple choices for sampling rates to choose from. Select '''48 kHz''':


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_audio_sink_properties.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_audio_sink_properties.png]]


The flowgraph should now look like the following:


The question is how to get from the output of the RTL-SDR which is complex IQ sampled at 2.048 MHz to the input of the Audio Sink block which requires real samples at a sampling rate of 48 kHz? The rest of this tutorial will work backwards from the Audio Sink and establishing blocks and connections towards the output of the RTL-SDR.
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_flowgraph_with_audio_sink.png]]


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_audio_sink_properties.png]]
The question is how to get from the output of the RTL-SDR which is complex IQ sampled at 2.048 MHz to the input of the '''Audio Sink''' block which requires real samples at a sampling rate of 48 kHz? The rest of this tutorial will work backwards from the '''Audio Sink''' and establishing blocks and connections towards the output of the RTL-SDR.


The next block that is needed is the an FM demodulator. Drag in the WBFM Receive block, which takes complex IQ as an input, demodulates the FM thereby producing real output samples and also performs a decimation.
The next block that is needed is the an FM demodulator. Drag in the '''WBFM Receive''' block, which takes complex IQ as an input, demodulates the FM thereby producing real output samples and also performs a decimation.


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_add_wbfm_receive.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_add_wbfm_receive.png]]




Recall from earlier in the tutorial that FM broadcast channels allocated 200 kHz, therefore we want to process as much of that bandwidth as possible with the FM demodulator. The WBFM Receive block can perform a decimation from a larger input sampling rate to the required Audio Sink input of 48 kHz. The decimation factor must be an integer, and 4*48 kHz = 192 kHz which is close to the total bandwidth of the frequency allocation.
Recall from earlier in the tutorial that FM broadcast channels allocated 200 kHz, therefore we want to process as much of that bandwidth as possible with the FM demodulator. The '''WBFM Receive''' block can perform a decimation from a larger input sampling rate to the required '''Audio Sink''' input of 48 kHz. The decimation factor must be an integer, and 4*48 kHz = 192 kHz which is close to the total bandwidth of the frequency allocation.


Open the WBFM Receive properties and enter in the quadrature rate of 192 kHz and an audio decimation of 4. Note that the quadrature rate must be evenly divisible by the audio decimation factor, and that the audio decimation must be an integer.
Add a '''WBFM Receive''' block, open the properties and enter in the quadrature rate of 192 kHz and an audio decimation of 4. Note that the quadrature rate must be evenly divisible by the audio decimation factor, and that the audio decimation must be an integer.


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_wbfm_receive_properties.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_wbfm_receive_properties.png]]
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A sample rate change is needed to convert from the RTL-SDR output of 2.048 MHz to the WBFM input of 192 kHz. The required sampling rate change can be simplified as 192000/2048000 = 192/2048 = 3/32, a rational ratio. Therefore the Rational Resampler block can be used to implement the sample rate change.
A sample rate change is needed to convert from the RTL-SDR output of 2.048 MHz to the WBFM input of 192 kHz. The required sampling rate change can be simplified as 192000/2048000 = 192/2048 = 3/32, a rational ratio. Therefore the '''Rational Resampler''' block can be used to implement the sample rate change.


Drag in the Rational Resampler block and open the properties. Enter 3 for the interpolation and 32 for the decimation:
Drag in the '''Rational Resampler''' block and open the properties. Enter 3 for the interpolation and 32 for the decimation:


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_rational_resampler_properties.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_rational_resampler_properties.png]]
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Run the flowgraph. The same GUI window that was displayed previously will appear but now audio should be playing through your computer. You can drag the bar at the top of the screen to tune to different channels.
Run the flowgraph. The same GUI window that was displayed previously will appear but now audio should be playing through your computer. You can drag the bar at the top of the screen to tune to different channels.


[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_final_output.png]]
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_final_output.png|500px]]
 
==Diagnosing Overrun Problems==
When you run your flowgraph if you get a string of “aUaUaU” and the audio comes in and out periodically then you have probably entered a sample rate wrong somewhere along the way. Double check all of the sample rate values and interpolation and decimation rate changes.
 
[[File:RTL_SDR_FM_sample_rate_overflows.png]]
 
 
The next tutorial, [[B200-B205mini_FM Receiver|B200-B205mini FM Receiver]], describes how to build a broadcast FM receiver using the Ettus Research B200/B205mini receiver.

Latest revision as of 22:50, 12 June 2024

Beginner Tutorials

Introducing GNU Radio

  1. What is GNU Radio?
  2. Installing GNU Radio
  3. Your First Flowgraph

Flowgraph Fundamentals

  1. Python Variables in GRC
  2. Variables in Flowgraphs
  3. Runtime Updating Variables
  4. Signal Data Types
  5. Converting Data Types
  6. Packing Bits
  7. Streams and Vectors
  8. Hier Blocks and Parameters

Creating and Modifying Python Blocks

  1. Creating Your First Block
  2. Python Block With Vectors
  3. Python Block Message Passing
  4. Python Block Tags

DSP Blocks

  1. Low Pass Filter Example
  2. Designing Filter Taps
  3. Sample Rate Change
  4. Frequency Shifting
  5. Reading and Writing Binary Files

SDR Hardware

  1. RTL-SDR FM Receiver
  2. B200-B205mini FM Receiver

This tutorial describes how to receive broadcast commercial radio stations transmitting Frequency Modulated (FM) signals using the RTL-SDR receiver.

The previous tutorial, Reading and Writing Binary Files, demonstrates how to read and write radio waveform captures as binary files. The next tutorial, B200-B205mini FM Receiver, describes how to build a broadcast FM receiver using the Ettus Research B200/B205mini receiver.

The following hardware is needed for this tutorial:

  • RTL-SDR Receiver v3
  • VHF Antenna

Please connect the antenna to the RTL-SDR, and plug the RTL-SDR into the USB port on your computer.

Configure the RTL-SDR

Add the Soapy RTLSDR Source block to the flowgraph. Soapy [1] is a SDR support library which interfaces with different SDR hardware.

RTL SDR FM add rtlsdr block.png


The receiver needs to be configured with a proper sampling rate, center frequency and gain value. The RTL-SDR supports multiple sampling rates but in this tutorial the maximum sampling rate of 2.048 MHz is chosen. Update the samp_rate variable with the value 2048000:

RTL SDR FM set samp rate.png

Notice that the sampling rate within the RTL-SDR block has been updated:

RTL SDR FM rtlsdr updated samp rate.png


The RTL-SDR source block still has an undefined freq. The freq variable needs to be given a frequency associated with a radio station. This tutorial uses the frequency allocations within the United State of America, therefore you will need to modify them according to the allocation for your country. Within the USA, the smallest frequency of a radio station is 87.9 MHz and the largest frequency is 107.9 MHz [2], and each channel is separated by 200 kHz.

Add the QT GUI Range block into the flowgraph. The properties need to be changed in order to incorporate the frequency allocations for broadcast FM.

Open the properties and give it the name freq and the start frequency of 87.9 MHz, the stop frequency of 107.9 MHz and a step of 200 kHz:

RTL SDR FM qt gui range properties.png


The freq variable within the Soapy RTLSDR Source block is now defined. The flowgraph should look like the following:

RTL SDR FM flowgraph with qt gui range.png


Open the Soapy RTLSDR Source block properties. Navigate to the RF Options and enter True for AGC.

RTL SDR FM set AGC.png

Add Time & Frequency Plots

Drag in a QT GUI Time Sink and QT GUI Frequency Sink. Enable the auto-scaling in the QT GUI Time Sink block:

RTL SDR FM time sink autoscale.png


Open the QT GUI Frequency Sink and enter freq as the Center Frequency (Hz):

RTL SDR FM freq sink center freq.png


Connect the QT GUI Time Sink and QT GUI Frequency Sink blocks:

RTL SDR FM basic scanner flowgraph.png


Run the flowgraph. A time plot and frequency plot will be displayed. This simple flowgraph represents a basic tuner application, such that dragging the slider bar or entering a frequency manually will retune the RTL-SDR and start producing sampled data.

RTL SDR FM basic scanner plots.png

FM Demodulator

An Audio Sink block is needed to play the sound of a demodulated FM radio station. Drag in an Audio Sink block and open the properties. Notice there are a couple choices for sampling rates to choose from. Select 48 kHz:

RTL SDR FM audio sink properties.png

The flowgraph should now look like the following:

RTL SDR FM flowgraph with audio sink.png

The question is how to get from the output of the RTL-SDR which is complex IQ sampled at 2.048 MHz to the input of the Audio Sink block which requires real samples at a sampling rate of 48 kHz? The rest of this tutorial will work backwards from the Audio Sink and establishing blocks and connections towards the output of the RTL-SDR.

The next block that is needed is the an FM demodulator. Drag in the WBFM Receive block, which takes complex IQ as an input, demodulates the FM thereby producing real output samples and also performs a decimation.

RTL SDR FM add wbfm receive.png


Recall from earlier in the tutorial that FM broadcast channels allocated 200 kHz, therefore we want to process as much of that bandwidth as possible with the FM demodulator. The WBFM Receive block can perform a decimation from a larger input sampling rate to the required Audio Sink input of 48 kHz. The decimation factor must be an integer, and 4*48 kHz = 192 kHz which is close to the total bandwidth of the frequency allocation.

Add a WBFM Receive block, open the properties and enter in the quadrature rate of 192 kHz and an audio decimation of 4. Note that the quadrature rate must be evenly divisible by the audio decimation factor, and that the audio decimation must be an integer.

RTL SDR FM wbfm receive properties.png


The flowgraph should now look like the following:

RTL SDR FM flowgraph with WBFM.png


A sample rate change is needed to convert from the RTL-SDR output of 2.048 MHz to the WBFM input of 192 kHz. The required sampling rate change can be simplified as 192000/2048000 = 192/2048 = 3/32, a rational ratio. Therefore the Rational Resampler block can be used to implement the sample rate change.

Drag in the Rational Resampler block and open the properties. Enter 3 for the interpolation and 32 for the decimation:

RTL SDR FM rational resampler properties.png


The flowgraph is now complete and should look like the following.

RTL SDR FM complete flowgraph.png


Run the flowgraph. The same GUI window that was displayed previously will appear but now audio should be playing through your computer. You can drag the bar at the top of the screen to tune to different channels.

RTL SDR FM final output.png

Diagnosing Overrun Problems

When you run your flowgraph if you get a string of “aUaUaU” and the audio comes in and out periodically then you have probably entered a sample rate wrong somewhere along the way. Double check all of the sample rate values and interpolation and decimation rate changes.

RTL SDR FM sample rate overflows.png


The next tutorial, B200-B205mini FM Receiver, describes how to build a broadcast FM receiver using the Ettus Research B200/B205mini receiver.